EM field in intermediate-energy central HIC
GIF animations of the spacetime evolution of the electromagnetic field produced
in central collisions of gold ions at intermediate energies \( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = O(3-10\;{\rm GeV}) \).
For more details, see 2402.17136.
Note that (1) the beam direction is taken along the \( z \)-axis; (2) \( {\mathcal F} := E^2 - B^2 \) is the electromagnetic Lorentz invariant; (3) the magnetic field is almost vanishing at the central events and so \( {\mathcal F} \approx E^2 \); and (4) the event averag is already taken, which is why we don't see local fluctuations in the animations.
Note that (1) the beam direction is taken along the \( z \)-axis; (2) \( {\mathcal F} := E^2 - B^2 \) is the electromagnetic Lorentz invariant; (3) the magnetic field is almost vanishing at the central events and so \( {\mathcal F} \approx E^2 \); and (4) the event averag is already taken, which is why we don't see local fluctuations in the animations.
\( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.4 \;{\rm GeV} \)
| 3D view | 2D slice at \( x=0\;{\rm fm} \) | 2D slice at \( z=0\;{\rm fm} \) |
 |  |  |
\( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 3.0 \;{\rm GeV} \)
| 3D view | 2D slice at \( x=0\;{\rm fm} \) | 2D slice at \( z=0\;{\rm fm} \) |
 |  |  |
\( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 3.9 \;{\rm GeV} \)
| 3D view | 2D slice at \( x=0\;{\rm fm} \) | 2D slice at \( z=0\;{\rm fm} \) |
 |  |  |
\( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.2 \;{\rm GeV} \)
| 3D view | 2D slice at \( x=0\;{\rm fm} \) | 2D slice at \( z=0\;{\rm fm} \) |
 |  |  |
\( \sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 7.2 \;{\rm GeV} \)
| 3D view | 2D slice at \( x=0\;{\rm fm} \) | 2D slice at \( z=0\;{\rm fm} \) |
 |  |  |